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<small><time class="date dt-published" datetime="2022-09-21T00:00:00+08:00">21 September 2022</time> - 字数统计：2238 - 阅读大约需要8分钟 - Hits: <span id="/2022/09/21/cron.html" class="visitors">Loading...</span></small>
<h1 class="p-name">使用Python制作可热载的定时调度器</h1>
<p class="view">by <a class="p-author h-card" href="//github.com/Mabbs">mayx</a></p>
<div id="outdate" style="display:none;">
<hr /><p>
这是一篇创建于 <span id="outime"></span> 天前的文章，其中的信息可能已经有所发展或是发生改变。
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<b>AI摘要</b>
<p id="ai-output">这篇文章介绍了如何使用Python制作一个可热载的定时调度器，作者开始时考虑了使用CRON表达式，但发现它不够直观且不支持Windows。接着，作者发现了schedule库，用其以更自然的语言结构编写定时任务，比APScheduler易于理解和使用。在创建调度器时，作者开始用轮询监控文件变化，但性能不佳，转而引入了watchdog库以提高监测效率。通过FileEventHandler和Observer，程序可以实时检测并重载修改的脚本。作者以一个简单的示例脚本和管理器函数阐述了整个过程，并表达了对编写简洁、功能单一的程序的偏好。</p>
<hr />
<ul><li><a href="#起因">起因</a></li><li><a href="#探索过程">探索过程</a></li><li><a href="#代码">代码</a><ul><li><a href="#管理器">管理器</a></li><li><a href="#被管理脚本示例">被管理脚本示例</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#感想">感想</a></li></ul>
<hr />
<main class="post-content e-content" role="main"><p>定时任务用CRON难道不够吗？<!--more--></p>
<h1 id="起因">
<a href="#起因"><svg class='octicon' viewBox='0 0 16 16' version='1.1' width='16' height='32' aria-hidden='true'><path fill-rule='evenodd' d='M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z'></path></svg></a> 起因
</h1>
<p>最近因为写的Python脚本比较多，另外也有好多脚本都是定时运行的脚本，然后Linux自带的CRON可能不是很直观，不然为什么那么多人开发CRON表达式生成器😂，另外CRON不能和脚本绑定到一起，也不能在Windows上使用，所以就想用Python来实现一个。 </p><p>
当然如果只是想用Python为一个程序做一个定时任务还是很简单的，不想用CRON也能直接用一个死循环if判断时间来做，比如想要每小时什么时候执行，那就不停的判断，直到那个时间到了以后然后去执行就好了。不过很多个脚本都用这种方法的话就显得太凌乱了，想要停止哪个脚本还不太好整，所以写一个定时调度器来统一管理所有的定时脚本也许会更好一些。</p>
<h1 id="探索过程">
<a href="#探索过程"><svg class='octicon' viewBox='0 0 16 16' version='1.1' width='16' height='32' aria-hidden='true'><path fill-rule='evenodd' d='M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z'></path></svg></a> 探索过程
</h1>
<p>其实我最开始是想着把CRON表达式放到脚本里，然后让管理器像配置文件那样读取它，不过我自己解析CRON表达式有点麻烦，一时也没找到好的办法。不过在找这个东西的时候找到了一个有意思的库，叫做<a href="https://github.com/dbader/schedule">schedule</a>，用pip就能安装。它可以用类似自然语言的语法结构去写定时语句，看起来很有意思，于是我就打算用这个库来写我的调度器。 </p><p>
写它不算很复杂，这个库还是挺方便理解的，比据说Python常用的什么APScheduler那个库好用多了，那个玩意看着就不怎么人性化。功能很快就写好了，但是有个问题，就是既然我要写一个可以热载（自动重加载）的调度器，用什么办法监视文件比较好呢？最开始我实现的时候是想着用列出目录和stat方法来读取文件的元数据，然后轮询，如果内容有变化就进行重载。不过这样写起来也麻烦，准确来说也不算准确，而且性能也不怎么好，还要轮询，文件一多整个程序的执行效率就会变低。然后我想着之前我用的Django好像就有这样的功能，它到底用的是什么方法呢？一般我们运行Django项目的时候它第一句会写“Watching for file changes with StatReloader”，那看来StatReloader就是它用来监视文件的模块，听这名字怎么和我之前想的差不多😂，另外也没有找到叫这个名字的库，所以就算了，我还是搜一下找找别的库吧。后来我找到了一个看起来不错的库，叫做watchdog，看起来好像用法也不算很复杂，而且据说是用的内核的什么东西来监测，性能比轮询好很多，所以我就整了这个库，感觉效果还不错，可靠性也很好，文件一有修改程序就会检测到然后进行重载。</p>
<h1 id="代码">
<a href="#代码"><svg class='octicon' viewBox='0 0 16 16' version='1.1' width='16' height='32' aria-hidden='true'><path fill-rule='evenodd' d='M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z'></path></svg></a> 代码
</h1>
<h2 id="管理器">
<a href="#管理器"><svg class='octicon' viewBox='0 0 16 16' version='1.1' width='16' height='32' aria-hidden='true'><path fill-rule='evenodd' d='M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z'></path></svg></a> 管理器
</h2>
<div class="language-python highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">threading</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">time</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">schedule</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">os</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">importlib</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">watchdog.observers</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Observer</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">watchdog.events</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="o">*</span>
<span class="n">reload_status</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">run_threaded</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">job_func</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">job_thread</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">threading</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Thread</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">target</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">job_func</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">job_thread</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">FileEventHandler</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">FileSystemEventHandler</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">reload_status</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">reload_status</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">reload_status</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">on_any_event</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">event</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">event</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">is_directory</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">reload_status</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
<span class="n">observer</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Observer</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">event_handler</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">FileEventHandler</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">reload_status</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">observer</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">schedule</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">event_handler</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"tasks"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">recursive</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">False</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">observer</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">while</span> <span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">reload_status</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span>
<span class="n">taskList</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">listdir</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"tasks"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">task</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">taskList</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="s">"__"</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">task</span> <span class="ow">or</span> <span class="n">task</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">rsplit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"."</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)[</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="s">"py"</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">continue</span>
<span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">importlib</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nb">reload</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">importlib</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">import_module</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"tasks."</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">task</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">split</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"."</span><span class="p">)[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">])).</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">run_threaded</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">schedule</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">except</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">f</span><span class="s">"Task </span><span class="si">{</span><span class="n">task</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">split</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'.'</span><span class="p">)[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s"> import failure"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">while</span> <span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">reload_status</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]:</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Task change, reloading..."</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">time</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">sleep</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">schedule</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">clear</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">break</span>
<span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">schedule</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">run_pending</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">time</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">sleep</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div></div>
<h2 id="被管理脚本示例">
<a href="#被管理脚本示例"><svg class='octicon' viewBox='0 0 16 16' version='1.1' width='16' height='32' aria-hidden='true'><path fill-rule='evenodd' d='M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z'></path></svg></a> 被管理脚本示例
</h2>
<div class="language-python highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">run_threaded</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">schedule</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">schedule</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">every</span><span class="p">().</span><span class="n">second</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">do</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">run_threaded</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">job</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">job</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"The job is running."</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div></div>
<p>注：脚本应该放到管理器所在文件夹下的“tasks”文件夹，具体定时的写法可以看看<a href="https://schedule.readthedocs.io/en/stable/examples.html">schedule官方示例</a>。</p>
<h1 id="感想">
<a href="#感想"><svg class='octicon' viewBox='0 0 16 16' version='1.1' width='16' height='32' aria-hidden='true'><path fill-rule='evenodd' d='M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z'></path></svg></a> 感想
</h1>
<p>感觉程序果然还是写的越简单越好，功能也是越单一越好。据说APScheduler是用Python实现的像Java的Quartz那样的东西，看着就很难受，像我这个50行写的管理器看起来还挺不错的吧😁。</p></main>
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